[Pharmacotherapy for tinnitus: much ado about nothing]

Rev Neurol. 2014 Aug 16;59(4):164-74.
[Article in Spanish]

Abstract

Introduction: Chronic tinnitus affects 5-15% of the general population; in 1% of individuals with tinnitus this condition severely affects their quality of life. Pharmacological treatment is one of the options for the management of tinnitus patients, but their efficacy remains controversial. AIM. To evaluate the level of evidence to support the use of different drugs in reducing the severity of tinnitus.

Development: The pharmacological groups that have been investigated for the treatment of tinnitus include anesthetics, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, antihistamines, benzodiazepines, diuretics, corticosteroids, and of other substances. Intravenous lidocaine seems to be effective, but the short duration of the effect and the adverse reactions prevent its use. Compared with placebo, carbamazepine and gabapentine have not demonstrated effectiveness although they may be effective in some patients with auditory nerve vascular compression or myoclonus. Tricyclic antidepressants are no more effective than placebo at reducing tinnitus severity although they may improve comorbid depression. There is insufficient evidence to evaluate the effectiveness of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and benzodiazepines. Acamprosate may decrease the severity of tinnitus, but the level of evidence is low. There are no consistent results in the studies with intratympanic gentamicin or steroids in tinnitus associated with Meniere's disease.

Conclusions: The use of pharmacotherapy in reducing the severity of tinnitus is not well supported by prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Various drugs have been shown to be effective in some studies, but the clinical evidence is limited. Large randomized clinical trials are needed.

Title: Tratamiento farmacologico de los acufenos: mucho ruido y pocas nueces.

Introduccion. El 5-15% de la poblacion general presenta acufenos cronicos, que afectan de manera grave a la calidad de vida del 1% de los casos. El tratamiento farmacologico es una de las opciones terapeuticas en el abordaje de pacientes con acufenos, aunque su eficacia es controvertida. Objetivo. Evaluar el nivel de evidencia que sustenta el uso de diferentes farmacos para reducir la intensidad de los acufenos. Desarrollo. Se han revisado varios grupos farmacologicos incluyendo anestesicos, antiepilepticos, antidepresivos, antihistaminicos, benzodiacepinas, diureticos, corticoides y otras sustancias. La lidocaina intravenosa parece ser eficaz aunque la breve duracion de su efecto y la aparicion de reacciones adversas han llevado a descartarla. La carbamacepina y la gabapentina no han mostrado eficacia frente a placebo, si bien podrian ser eficaces en algunos pacientes con compresion neurovascular o mioclonias. Los antidepresivos triciclicos no son mas eficaces que el placebo aunque pueden mejorar una depresion coexistente. La evidencia es insuficiente para evaluar la eficacia de los inhibidores selectivos de la recaptacion de serotonina y las benzodiacepinas. El acamprosato podria reducir la intensidad de los acufenos, aunque el nivel de evidencia es bajo. No disponemos de resultados consistentes para el tratamiento de los acufenos de la enfermedad de Meniere empleando gentamicina intratimpanica o corticoides. Conclusiones. La utilizacion de medicamentos para reducir la intensidad de los acufenos no esta bien apoyada por ensayos clinicos controlados, aleatorizados y prospectivos. Algunos farmacos son eficaces en algunos estudios, pero la evidencia es limitada. Se necesitan ensayos clinicos aleatorizados mas amplios.

Publication types

  • English Abstract
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Adrenal Cortex Hormones / therapeutic use
  • Anesthetics, Local / therapeutic use
  • Anticonvulsants / therapeutic use
  • Antidepressive Agents / therapeutic use
  • Auditory Pathways / drug effects
  • Auditory Pathways / physiopathology
  • Auditory Perception / drug effects
  • Auditory Perception / physiology
  • Dopamine Agents / therapeutic use
  • Double-Blind Method
  • Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / therapeutic use
  • Forecasting
  • Histamine H1 Antagonists / therapeutic use
  • Humans
  • Hypnotics and Sedatives / therapeutic use
  • Lidocaine / therapeutic use
  • Models, Neurological
  • Neurotransmitter Agents / physiology
  • Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
  • Tinnitus / drug therapy*
  • Tinnitus / physiopathology
  • Treatment Outcome

Substances

  • Adrenal Cortex Hormones
  • Anesthetics, Local
  • Anticonvulsants
  • Antidepressive Agents
  • Dopamine Agents
  • Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists
  • Histamine H1 Antagonists
  • Hypnotics and Sedatives
  • Neurotransmitter Agents
  • Lidocaine