Water-filtered infrared a irradiation in combination with visible light inhibits acute chlamydial infection

PLoS One. 2014 Jul 14;9(7):e102239. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102239. eCollection 2014.

Abstract

New therapeutic strategies are needed to overcome drawbacks in treatment of infections with intracellular bacteria. Chlamydiaceae are Gram-negative bacteria implicated in acute and chronic diseases such as abortion in animals and trachoma in humans. Water-filtered infrared A (wIRA) is short wavelength infrared radiation with a spectrum ranging from 780 to 1400 nm. In clinical settings, wIRA alone and in combination with visible light (VIS) has proven its efficacy in acute and chronic wound healing processes. This is the first study to demonstrate that wIRA irradiation combined with VIS (wIRA/VIS) diminishes recovery of infectious elementary bodies (EBs) of both intra- and extracellular Chlamydia (C.) in two different cell lines (Vero, HeLa) regardless of the chlamydial strain (C. pecorum, C. trachomatis serovar E) as shown by indirect immunofluorescence and titration by subpassage. Moreover, a single exposure to wIRA/VIS at 40 hours post infection (hpi) led to a significant reduction of C. pecorum inclusion frequency in Vero cells and C. trachomatis in HeLa cells, respectively. A triple dose of irradiation (24, 36, 40 hpi) during the course of C. trachomatis infection further reduced chlamydial inclusion frequency in HeLa cells without inducing the chlamydial persistence/stress response, as ascertained by electron microscopy. Irradiation of host cells (HeLa, Vero) neither affected cell viability nor induced any molecular markers of cytotoxicity as investigated by Alamar blue assay and Western blot analysis. Chlamydial infection, irradiation, and the combination of both showed a similar release pattern of a subset of pro-inflammatory cytokines (MIF/GIF, Serpin E1, RANTES, IL-6, IL-8) and chemokines (IL-16, IP-10, ENA-78, MIG, MIP-1α/β) from host cells. Initial investigation into the mechanism indicated possible thermal effects on Chlamydia due to irradiation. In summary, we demonstrate a non-chemical reduction of chlamydial infection using the combination of water-filtered infrared A and visible light.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Blotting, Western
  • Chlamydia Infections / prevention & control*
  • Chlamydia Infections / radiotherapy
  • Chlorocebus aethiops
  • Cytokines / metabolism
  • Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation
  • Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
  • HeLa Cells
  • Humans
  • Infrared Rays / therapeutic use*
  • Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
  • Microscopy, Fluorescence
  • Oxazines
  • Phototherapy / methods*
  • Species Specificity
  • Vero Cells
  • Xanthenes

Substances

  • Cytokines
  • Oxazines
  • Xanthenes
  • resazurin

Grants and funding

This work was financially supported by the Dr. Erwin Braun Foundation, Basel, Switzerland, awarded to Christian Blenn and Nicole Borel. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.