Responsive 3D microstructures from virus building blocks

Abstract

Fabrication of 3D biological structures reveals dynamic response to external stimuli. A liquid-crystalline bridge extrusion technique is used to generate 3D structures allowing the capture of Rayleigh-like instabilities, facilitating customization of smooth, helical, or undulating periodic surface textures. By integrating intrinsic biochemical functionality and synthetic components into controlled structures, this strategy offers a new form of adaptable materials.

Keywords: 3D microstructures; biological actuators; responsive materials; sensors; viral microfabrication.