Magnetic resonance post-contrast T1 mapping in the human atrium: validation and impact on clinical outcome after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation

Abstract

Background: The impact of diffuse atrial fibrosis detected by T1 mapping on the clinical outcome after atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation is unknown.

Objective: This study aimed to validate and assess the impact of post-contrast cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging atrial T1 mapping on the clinical outcome after catheter ablation for AF.

Methods: CMR imaging was performed in 3 groups by using a clinical 1.5-T scanner: controls, patients with paroxysmal AF, and patients with persistent AF. A T1 mapping sequence was used to calculate the post-contrast T1 relaxation time (T1 time) at the interatrial septum as an index of diffuse atrial fibrosis. A subset underwent left atrial endocardial bipolar voltage mapping for electrophysiologic correlation. After AF ablation, patients underwent clinical review and 7-day Holter monitoring at 6-month intervals.

Results: One hundred thirty-two patients (20 controls, 71 (63%) patients with paroxysmal AF, and 41 (37%) patients with persistent AF) underwent CMR imaging. Post-contrast atrial T1 time was significantly shorter in AF groups (237 ± 42 ms) than in controls (280 ± 37 ms) (P < .001). Post-contrast atrial T1 time correlated with mean septal voltage (R2 = .48; P < .001) and global left atrial voltage (R(2) = .41; P < .001). A diagnosis of AF, AF duration, and left ventricular end-diastolic volume independently predicted shortened post-contrast atrial T1 time. The single procedure success rate was 74% at 12 ± 5 months postablation. Post-contrast atrial T1 time was the only predictor of arrhythmia recurrence in multivariate analysis (P = .015). A post-contrast atrial T1 time of >230 ms was associated with freedom from AF in 85% relative to 62% with a post-contrast atrial T1 time of <230 ms (P = .01).

Conclusion: Post-contrast atrial T1 time as measured using CMR imaging provides an index of atrial fibrosis that correlates with tissue voltage, presence of AF, and clinical outcomes after catheter ablation.

Keywords: Atrial fibrillation; Atrial fibrosis; Atrial remodeling; Cardiac magnetic resonance; T(1) mapping.