MicroRNAs are an abundant class of noncoding RNAs (approx. 18- 25 nucleotides in length) that suppress translation through binding to their target mRNAs, eventually leading to mRNAs degradation. Sequences of these endogenous RNA molecules are highly conserved, even among unrelated species, indicating their involvement in basic bio-logical processes, such as development, differentiation, proliferation or apoptosis. MiRNAs also participate on regulation of cancer stem cell functioning, immune system and malignant transformation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of miRNAs functions in esophageal cancer, their roles in key pathogenetic pathways and disease development, as well as their potential usage in clinical routine as bio-markers improving dia-gnosis, prognosis and prediction of therapeutic response. Through regulation of signaling pathways important in malignant transformation, miRNAs present also promising therapeutic targets.