1 Division of Acute Care Surgery Department of Surgery The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD ehaut1@jhmi.edu The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore, MD Division of Acute Care Surgery Department of Surgery The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD Department of Surgery and The Center for Translational Injury Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX Division of Acute Care Surgery Department of Surgery The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD Division of Acute Care Surgery Department of Surgery The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore, MD Division of Acute Care Surgery Department of Surgery The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore, MD Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO Department of Surgery, Howard University College of Medicine Washington, DC Director of Outcomes Research Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego San Diego, CA.