Grapheme-color synesthesia interferes with color perception in a standard Stroop task

Abstract

This study examined the proposed automatic and involuntary nature of synesthetic experiences in grapheme-color synesthetes by comparing behavioral and blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses in a synesthetic and a standard version of the Stroop task. Clear interference effects in terms of slower reaction times and stronger BOLD responses in the rostral cingulate zone (RCZ) were found in synesthetes performing the synesthetic version of the Stroop task. Surprisingly, less interference was found in synesthetes compared with controls performing the standard Stroop task. This smaller interference effect, expressed as the difference in reaction time between incongruent and neutral stimuli, was explained in terms of experienced interference during the neutral condition of the Stroop task in synesthetes. This was confirmed by stronger BOLD responses in the RCZ for synesthetes specifically in the neutral condition. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show different performance of synesthetes in a standard Stroop task and the presented data can be seen as strong evidence for the automatic and involuntary nature of synesthetic experiences.

Keywords: CON; DLPFC; EPI; FFG; GLM; IC; NEU; RCZ; ROI; RT; Stroop; TE; TOG; TR; Test of Genuineness; anterior cingulate cortex; congruent; dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; echo time; echo-planar imaging; fMRI; functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging; fusiform gyrus; general linear model; grapheme-color synesthesia; incongruent; interference; neutral; reaction time; region of interest; repetition time; rostral cingulate zone.