Objectives: Inadvertent intra-arterial injection of flunitrazepam tablets intended for intravenous use by drug abusers has devastating effects. We report here on the clinical outcome of 16 drug abusers developing critical limb ischaemia after flunitrazepam injection.
Methods: Treatment combined immediate analgesia and anticoagulation, long-lasting local thrombolysis and vasodilatation, antibiotic prophylaxis, and physical mobilization. The immediate bolus injection of 5,000 IU heparin was followed by a continuous heparin infusion up to the target partial thromboplastin time. Under arteriographic control local intra-arterial infusion with alternating 4-h cycles of 5 mg recombinant tissue plasminogen activator followed by 5 μg prostaglandinE1 (PGE1) was performed for 24-48 hours. Subsequently, 60 μg PGE1 was applied once daily.
Results: Drug abusers, having been injected with 4-30 mg flunitrazepam, were treated 3-72 hours after the accident, with six of them not being treated until after 24 hours. All showed a high tissue ischaemia score. At the time of being discharged from hospital 13 patients had a normal extremity. In one patient, first receiving treatment 72 hours after injection, minor amputation of fingers was necessary. The life of the patient who injected 30 mg flunitrazepam in the leg was saved after hip disarticulation. One patient developed neurological dysfunction in the affected toes.
Conclusions: Intensive treatment after inadvertent intra-arterial drug injection normalized the affected extremity in most drug abusers, even after the late onset of therapy.
Keywords: Drug abuse; Flunitrazepam; Intra-arterial injection; Local thrombolysis; Prostaglandin E1.
Copyright © 2013 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.