Orientation with a Viking sun-compass, a shadow-stick, and two calcite sunstones under various weather conditions

Appl Opt. 2013 Sep 1;52(25):6185-94. doi: 10.1364/AO.52.006185.

Abstract

It is widely accepted that Vikings used sun-compasses to derive true directions from the cast shadow of a gnomon. It has been hypothesized that when a cast shadow was not formed, Viking navigators relied on crude skylight polarimetry with the aid of dichroic or birefringent crystals, called "sunstones." We demonstrate here that a simple tool, that we call "shadow-stick," could have allowed orientation by a sun-compass with satisfying accuracy when shadows were not formed, but the sun position could have reliably been estimated. In field tests, we performed orientation trials with a set composed of a sun-compass, two calcite sunstones, and a shadow-stick. We show here that such a set could have been an effective orientation tool for Vikings only when clear, blue patches of the sky were visible.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Calcium Carbonate / chemistry*
  • Magnetic Fields
  • Orientation
  • Refractometry / instrumentation*
  • Spatio-Temporal Analysis*
  • Sunlight*
  • Weather

Substances

  • Calcium Carbonate