Predictors of urinary bisphenol A and phthalate metabolite concentrations in Mexican children

Abstract

Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals such as bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates is prevalent among children and adolescents, but little is known regarding important sources of exposure at these sensitive life stages. In this study, we measured urinary concentrations of BPA and nine phthalate metabolites in 108 Mexican children aged 8-13 years. Associations of age, time of day, and questionnaire items on external environment, water use, and food container use with specific gravity-corrected urinary concentrations were assessed, as were questionnaire items concerning the use of 17 personal care products in the past 48-h. As a secondary aim, third trimester urinary concentrations were measured in 99 mothers of these children, and the relationship between specific gravity-corrected urinary concentrations at these two time points was explored. After adjusting for potential confounding by other personal care product use in the past 48-h, there were statistically significant (p<0.05) positive associations in boys for cologne/perfume use and monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and in girls for colored cosmetics use and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), MEHHP, MEOHP, and mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), conditioner use and MEP, deodorant use and MEP, and other hair products use and MBP. There was a statistically significant positive trend for the number of personal care products used in the past 48-h and log-MEP in girls. However, there were no statistically significant associations between the analytes and the other questionnaire items and there were no strong correlations between the analytes measured during the third trimester and at 8-13 years of age. We demonstrated that personal care product use is associated with exposure to multiple phthalates in children. Due to rapid development, children may be susceptible to impacts from exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals; thus, reduced or delayed use of certain personal care products among children may be warranted.

Keywords: BBZP; BPA; Biomarker; Bisphenol A; CDC; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Children; DBP; DEHP; DEP; DIBP; DOP; ELEMENT; Early Life Exposure in Mexico to ENvironmental Toxicants; FDA; FSRA; Food and Drug Administration; GM; ID–LC–MS/MS; LOQ; MBP; MBZP; MCPP; MECPP; MEHHP; MEHP; MEOHP; MEP; MIBP; NHANES; National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; Personal care products; Phthalates; SG; Urine; bisphenol A; butylbenzyl phthalate; di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; di-isobutyl-phthalate; di-n-butyl phthalate; di-n-octyl phthalate; diethyl phthalate; forward stepwise regression analysis; geometric mean; isotope dilution–liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry; limit of quantitation; mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate; mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate; mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate; mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate; mono-isobutyl phthalate; mono-n-butyl phthalate; monobenzyl phthalate; monoethyl phthalate; specific gravity.