In recent years, nanotechnology research has made great strides in the area of pharmacy, especially for drug delivery systems. Polymeric nanoparticles provide significant stability in anti-neoplastic drug research and have demonstrated the ability to solve the problems of therapeutic efficacy and diagnostic sensitivity. In this review, we describe the specific advantages of polymeric nanoparticles and their applications for a drug delivery system. The latest research on PHA-based polymeric nanoparticles and PLGA is also discussed.