Copper(ii) chloride mediated (aza)oxindole synthesis by oxidative coupling of Csp(2)-H and Csp(3)-H centers: substrate scope and DFT study

Org Biomol Chem. 2013 Oct 21;11(39):6734-43. doi: 10.1039/c3ob41254g. Epub 2013 Aug 29.

Abstract

A CuCl2 mediated direct intramolecular oxidative coupling of Csp(2)-H and Csp(3)-H centers gives access to 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles containing aromatic, heteroaromatic and alkyl substituents as well as a heteroatom at the quaternary center in good to excellent yields. The reaction is carried out in the presence of NaOtBu and CuCl2 in DMF at 110 °C. The key step of this reaction is the formation of an amidyl radical by one electron oxidation of amide enolate followed by an intramolecular radical cyclization reaction (homolytic aromatic substitution reaction). A detailed DFT study shows that the cyclization of the amidyl radical is the rate-limiting step in the oxindole synthesis, whereas the second single electron transfer (SET) becomes the rate-determining step in the aza-oxindole formation. Computational data are in agreement with the experimentally observed relative reactivity and regioselectivity.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Aza Compounds / chemical synthesis*
  • Aza Compounds / chemistry
  • Copper / chemistry*
  • Indoles / chemical synthesis*
  • Indoles / chemistry
  • Molecular Structure
  • Oxidative Coupling
  • Oxindoles
  • Quantum Theory*
  • Thermodynamics

Substances

  • Aza Compounds
  • Indoles
  • Oxindoles
  • 2-oxindole
  • Copper
  • cupric chloride