This study investigated the effect of high- and low-energy density preloads on gastrointestinal and metabolic factors, which act to regulate acute energy intake. Sixteen overweight and obese men (BMI range: 27.2-36.5 kg/m2) each received 3 oral preloads in randomised order: i) high-energy-density, high-fat (1.5 kcal/g), ii) low-energy density, high-fat (1.1 kcal/g), and iii) low-energy-density, high-protein (1.1 kcal/g). Over 180 min, gastric emptying, plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 concentrations, and diet-induced thermogenesis were assessed, and subsequent energy intake was determined. Total energy intake did not differ between preloads (high-energy-density, high-fat, 2059±72 kilocalories (kcal); low-energy-density, high-fat, 1876±91 kcal; and low-energy-density, high protein, 1867±63 kcal). Gastric emptying was slower following the high-energy-density, high-fat preload (158±8 min) compared with the low-energy-density, high-protein preload (130±9 min) (p=0.05), but did not differ between the high-energy-density, high-fat and low-energy-density, high-fat (147±8 min) preloads. Plasma glucagon- like peptide-1 did not differ substantially between preloads. Diet-induced thermogenesis was lower following high-energy-density, high-fat (10.4±0.7 %) than low-energy-density, high-fat (14.9±1.2 %) and low-energy density, high-protein (18.1±1.1 %) preloads (p<0.01 for both). We conclude that an increased energy density slows gastric emptying and reduces thermogenesis, but that a high fat content overrides the effect of energy density on gastric emptying. The counter-regulatory modulation of these gastric and metabolic factors may explain, at least in part, the lack of differences in subsequent energy intake in response to oral preloads with increasing energy density.
此研究為偵測高能量密度及低能量密度配方，對於調節急性能量攝取的腸胃道 及代謝因子的影響。計16 位過重及肥胖的男性(身體質量指數: 27.2-36.5 kg/m2)，每位受試者隨機接受三種口服配方：i)高能量密度高脂配方(1.5 kcal/g)，ii)低能量密度高脂配方(1.1 kcal/g)，以及iii)低能量密度高蛋白配方 (1.1 kcal/g)。服用配方3 小內，評估胃排空狀況、血漿類升糖激素胜肽-1(GLP- 1)濃度、飲食誘導的產熱效應，並偵測後續的能量攝取。合計後續進食與高能 量密度高脂配方、低能量密度高脂配方或低能量高蛋白配方的平均總能量攝取 分別為2059±72 kcal、1876±91 kcal 及1867±63 kcal，三者無顯著差異。攝入高 能量密度高脂配方，所需胃排空時間較低能量密度高蛋白配方長，但與低能量 密度高脂配方無顯著差異。不同配方對於受試者血漿GLP-1 濃度無顯著差 異。高能量密度高脂配方，所誘導的攝食產熱效應為10.4±0.7%，顯著低於低 能量密度高脂的14.9±1.2%及低能量密度高蛋白的18.1±1.1%。從上述結果， 推論增加能量密度會減緩胃排空及減少攝食產熱效應，但若同時含有高量脂 肪，則會覆蓋能量密度對於胃排空的影響。胃與代謝因子兩者相反的調控模 式，或許可以用於解釋，為何增加能量密度配方的攝入後對於後續總能量的攝 取並無影響。