Osteoma is a benign osteogenic neoplasm microscopically consisting of proliferation of cancellous or compact bone. Peripheral osteomas (PO) arise from the periosteum and are quite uncommon in the jaw bones. POs of mandible are considered as rare entity and very few cases have been reported in the literature. The pathogenesis of PO is unclear. Some investigators consider it a true neoplasm, while others believe it as a developmental anomaly, a reactive mechanism due to trauma or infection. The purpose of this article is to present the clinical, radiographic, surgical and histological features of a solitary peripheral osteoma of the mandible in a 43-year-old woman and to review the literature for PO located in the mandible.