Abstract: Anaplastic oligodendroglioma (AO) is a rare malignant tumor occurring in adults. Despite early indications of chemosensitivity, no clinical trial had demonstrated a benefit of chemotherapy beyond that of radiotherapy alone. Now, however, the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 9402 and the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) 26951 studies investigating PCV (procarbazine [Matulane], lomustine [CeeNU], and vincristine) and radiation therapy vs radiation alone both show improved outcomes in patients with the 1 p/19q codeletion who received PCV and radiation therapy. These differences were detected with additional follow-up after publication of the initial results in 2006, when no differences in survival were detected. The two studies have also validated the use of the 1p/19q codeletion as a predictive biomarker in AO. Many will debate the wisdom of adopting PCV therapy as standard of care because of the greater toxicity of PCV compared with temozolomide (Temodar). Nonetheless, although important questions still remain regarding chemotherapy choice, sequence, and dosing, the answers to which will require additional large phase III trials, radiotherapy alone is no longer appropriate therapy for 1p/19q codeleted AOs.