Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and its complications are worldwide one ofthe main causes ofthe visual impairment and blindness. An incidence of DR is substantially raised due to increasing amount of diabetic patients in population. Systematic screening of diabetic eye complications makes possible a timely incorporation of patients with diabetes mellitus to a lifelong preventive ophthalmological treatment. According to an extent of progress of the DR, these patients are treated by retinal laser coagulation or inhibitors of growth factors and/or surgical treatment of retinal complications by the pars plana vitrectomy. Essential aspects of the effective prevention of the origin and development of diabetic eye complications are cooperation of diabetologist and ophthalmologist, education of patients and their active approach to the treatment.