Ferritin light chain interacts with PEN-2 and affects γ-secretase activity

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is primarily caused by overproduction/deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) in the brain. Dysregulation of iron in the brain also contributes to AD. Although iron affects β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression and Aβ deposition, detailed role of iron in AD requires further elucidation. Aβ is produced by sequential proteolytic cleavages of APP by β-secretase and γ-secretase. The γ-secretase complex comprises presenilins (PS1 or PS2), nicastrin, APH-1, and PEN-2. Herein, we find that PEN-2 can interact with ferritin light chain (FTL), an important component of the iron storage protein ferritin. In addition, we show that overexpression of FTL increases the protein levels of PEN-2 and PS1 amino-terminal fragment (NTF) and promotes γ-secretase activity for more production of Aβ and notch intracellular domain (NICD). Furthermore, iron treatments increase the levels of FTL, PEN-2 and PS1 NTF and promote γ-secretase-mediated NICD production. Moreover, downregulation of FTL decreases the levels of PEN-2 and PS1 NTF. Together, our results suggest that iron can increase γ-secretase activity through promoting the level of FTL that interacts with and stabilizes PEN-2, providing a new molecular link between iron, PEN-2/γ-secretase and Aβ generation in AD.

Keywords: AD; APP; Alzheimer's disease; Aβ; CTF; FTH; FTL; Ferritin light chain; HEK293 cells stably expressing human APP Swedish mutations; HEK293Swe; Iron; NICD; NTF; PEN-2; PS1 or PS2; amino-terminal fragment; carboxyl-terminal fragment; ferritin heavy chain; ferritin light chain; notch intracellular domain; presenilin 1 or 2; β-amyloid; β-amyloid precursor protein; γ-Secretase.