Efficient nitrosation of glutathione by nitric oxide

Abstract

Nitrosothiols are increasingly regarded as important participants in a range of physiological processes, yet little is known about their biological generation. Nitrosothiols can be formed from the corresponding thiols by nitric oxide in a reaction that requires the presence of oxygen and is mediated by reactive intermediates (NO₂ or N₂O₃) formed in the course of NO autoxidation. Because the autoxidation of NO is second order in NO, it is extremely slow at submicromolar NO concentrations, casting doubt on its physiological relevance. In this paper we present evidence that at submicromolar NO concentrations the aerobic nitrosation of glutathione does not involve NO autoxidation but a reaction that is first order in NO. We show that this reaction produces nitrosoglutathione efficiently in a reaction that is strongly stimulated by physiological concentrations of Mg(2+). These observations suggest that direct aerobic nitrosation may represent a physiologically relevant pathway of nitrosothiol formation.

Keywords: 2,3-diaminonaphthalene; DAN; DEA/NO; DNIC; DTPA; DTT; Free radicals; GSNO; N-acetylcysteine; NAC; Nitric oxide; Nitrosoglutathione; PROLI/NO; S-nitrosation; S-nitrosoglutathione; SOD; TEA; diethylamine NONOate (diethylammonium (Z)-1-(N,N-diethylamino)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate); diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid; dinitrosyl–iron complex; dithiothreitol; met-Hb; methemoglobin; oxy-Hb; oxyhemoglobin; proline NONOate (1-(hydroxyl-N,N,O-azoxy)-l-proline, disodium salt); superoxide dismutase; triethanolamine; β-ME; β-mercaptoethanol.