Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a challenging medical problem accounting for the development of stroke, thromboembolism, and cardiac failure. Disbalance in the autonomous nervous system (ANS) is a leading cause of AF. There is definitive evidence of the relationship between vegetative innervations, initiation and maintenance of AF, the main contributors being hyperactivity of ANS and uncontrolled release of neurotransmitters that shorten atrial refractoriness. The neurotransmitters make up the triggering mechanism of AF. The present review focuses on the role and mechanism of AF in ANS disbalance.