Carbon derived materials such as pyrolytic carbon or carbon-carbon composites (CCCs) exhibit excellent mechanical properties making them promising candidates for bone replacement. However, these materials are considered bioinert and not to induce bone formation in vivo. In this study, a two-step chemical surface treatment including etching with HCl/HNO3 solution and subsequent soaking in CaCl2 solution was applied to carbon substrates in order to activate the materials surface towards bioactive behavior. The bioactivity was proven by soaking the samples in simulated body fluid (SBF) and formation of carbonated hydroxyapatite layer (HCA), which indicates the ability of the material to bond to bone in vivo. The materials surface is shown to be functionalized through the chemical etching creating COO(-)Ca(2+) complexes on the surface as confirmed by FTIR and XPS analyses. These ionic complexes provide nucleation sites for HAp precipitation. After similar immersion time in SBF under the condition of local supersaturation the thickness and homogeneity of the HAp layer were found to depend on the chemical pretreatment with HCl/HNO3. Homogenous HAp layers with a thickness ranging from ∼ 6 to ∼ 17 μm were achieved. The proposed bioactivating treatment of carbon stimulates HAp formation in vivo and can be considered an easy biomimetic approach for coating carbon derived materials with bone-like hydroxyapatite. In vitro cell assay with osteosarcoma cells (MG-63) showed increased cell viability (+70%) on HAp coated carbon substrates as compared to uncoated reference while both materials induced ALP expression in MG-63 cells confirming the osteoblastic phenotype.
Keywords: bioactive; carbon; functionalization; hydroxyapatite; osteoblast.
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