1. Changes resulting from divergent selection after 5 generations for intramuscular fat (IMF) content in breast muscle in a population of purebred Beijing-You chickens were investigated. Female chickens from lines selected-up (UL) and selected-down (DL) for 5 generations and random-bred controls (CL) were studied at 120 d of age. 2. In the UL, IMF in breast muscle (4.65%) was 1.38 times that in the DL (3.36%). The IMF content in leg muscle was also higher in UL compared to DL. 3. There were significant differences in growth, carcase traits and meat quality between the two selected lines. However, ultimate pH (pHu) was lower and lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) were higher in breast muscles of UL birds compared to DL birds. Similar trends for pHu and L* value between UL and DL were observed in leg muscle. 4. Significant mRNA expression differences of the heart fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) gene between UL and DL were observed in breast muscle, and a negative correlation between expression of mRNA and IMF% in breast and leg muscles pointed to H-FABP as a potential selection candidate gene.