The β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) have known functional roles in cardiovascular and pulmonary responses as well as the appropriate substrate metabolism required for athletic ability. Thus, the β-AR genes are plausible candidates for the variations observed in strength/power and endurance performance levels. The aims of the present study were to compare the frequency distribution of the ADRB2 Gly16Arg and ADRB2 Glu27Gln polymorphisms among athletes of sports with different metabolic and cardiopulmonary demands (endurance vs. strength/power) and to test the association between the Gly16Arg and Glu27Gln genotypes and athlete status. The study was performed in a group of 223 Polish athletes of the highest nationally competitive standard (123 endurance-oriented athletes and 100 strength/power athletes). Control samples were prepared from 354 unrelated, sedentary volunteers. The χ² test of independence revealed that the frequencies of the Gly16 and Glu27 alleles were significantly higher in the strength/power athletes than in the controls (69.0% vs. 59.7%; df = 1, P = 0.017 and 51% vs. 41.5%; df = 1 P = 0.017, respectively). The study showed that ADRB2 Gly16Arg and Glu27Gln markers are associated with athlete status in Polish athletes. An excess of Gly16 and Glu27 alleles and the Gly16:Glu27 haplotype observed in the strength/power athlete subgroup suggests that the Gly16 and Glu27 alleles might increase the probability of becoming a strength/power athlete rather than an endurance-oriented athlete.