Abstract
Although the routine use of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing has undoubtedly increased prostate cancer (PCa) detection, one of its main drawbacks is its lack of specificity. As a consequence, many men undergo unnecessary biopsies or treatments for indolent tumours. PCa-specific markers are needed for the early detection of the disease and the prediction of aggressiveness of a prostate tumour. Since PCa is a heterogeneous disease, a panel of tumour markers is fundamental for a more precise diagnosis. Several biomarkers are promising due to their specificity for the disease in tissue. However, tissue is unsuitable as a possible screening tool. Since urine can be easily obtained in a non-invasive manner, it is a promising substrate for biomarker testing. This article reviews the biomarkers for the non-invasive testing of PCa in urine.
MeSH terms
-
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein / genetics
-
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein / urine
-
Antigens, Neoplasm / genetics
-
Antigens, Neoplasm / urine
-
Antigens, Surface / genetics
-
Antigens, Surface / urine
-
Biomarkers, Tumor / genetics*
-
Biomarkers, Tumor / urine*
-
Exosomes
-
Gene Expression
-
Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II / genetics
-
Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II / urine
-
Glutathione S-Transferase pi / genetics
-
Glutathione S-Transferase pi / urine
-
Humans
-
Male
-
MicroRNAs / urine
-
Oncogene Proteins, Fusion / genetics
-
Oncogene Proteins, Fusion / urine
-
Prostatic Neoplasms / diagnosis
-
Prostatic Neoplasms / genetics*
-
Prostatic Neoplasms / urine*
-
Racemases and Epimerases / genetics
-
Racemases and Epimerases / urine
-
Receptors, Retinoic Acid / genetics
-
Receptors, Retinoic Acid / metabolism
-
Sensitivity and Specificity
-
Tumor Suppressor Proteins / genetics
-
Tumor Suppressor Proteins / urine
Substances
-
APC protein, human
-
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein
-
Antigens, Neoplasm
-
Antigens, Surface
-
Biomarkers, Tumor
-
MicroRNAs
-
Oncogene Proteins, Fusion
-
RARB2 protein, human
-
RASSF1 protein, human
-
Receptors, Retinoic Acid
-
TMPRSS2-ERG fusion protein, human
-
Tumor Suppressor Proteins
-
prostate cancer antigen 3, human
-
GSTP1 protein, human
-
Glutathione S-Transferase pi
-
FOLH1 protein, human
-
Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II
-
Racemases and Epimerases
-
alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase