Extreme miniaturization of biological and chemical reactions in pico- to nanoliter microdroplets is emerging as an experimental paradigm that enables more experiments to be carried out with much lower sample consumption, paving the way for high-throughput experiments. This review provides the protein scientist with an experimental framework for (a) formation of polydisperse droplets by emulsification or, alternatively, of monodisperse droplets using microfluidic devices; (b) construction of experimental rigs and microfluidic chips for this purpose; and (c) handling and analysis of droplets.