Xanthine oxidoreductase-catalyzed reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide: insights regarding where, when and how

Abstract

Numerous inflammatory disorders are associated with elevated levels of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) and allied enhancement of reactive species formation contributory to systemic pathology. Despite a long standing association between increased XOR activity and negative clinical outcomes, recent reports describe a paradigm shift where XOR mediates beneficial actions by catalyzing the reduction of NO2(-) to NO. While provocative, these observations contradict reports of improved outcomes in similar models upon XOR inhibition as well as reports revealing strict anoxia as a requisite for XOR-mediated NO formation. To garner a more clear understanding of conditions necessary for in vivo XOR-catalyzed NO production, this review critically analyzes the impact of O2 tension, pH, substrate concentrations, glycoaminoglycan docking and inhibition strategies on the nitrite reductase activity of XOR and reveals a hypoxic milieu where this process may be operative. As such, information herein serves to link recent reports in which XOR activity has been identified as mediating the beneficial outcomes resulting from nitrite supplementation to a microenvironmental setting where XOR can serve as substantial source of NO.

Keywords: ()NO; BAEC; DBA; DMAC; GAGs; GTN; H(2)O(2); Hypoxia; Inflammation; NOS; Nitric oxide; Nitrite; Oxygen tension; RNS; ROS; SOD; XDH; XO; XOR; Xanthine oxidoreductase; bovine aortic endothelial cells; dihydroxybenzaldehyde; dimethylamino-cinnamaldehyde; glycerol trinitrate; glycosaminoglycans; hydrogen peroxide; nitric oxide; nitric oxide synthase; reactive nitrogen species; reactive oxygen species; superoxide; superoxide dismutase; xanthine dehydrogenase; xanthine oxidase; xanthine oxidoreductase.