Fast classification of meat spoilage markers using nanostructured ZnO thin films and unsupervised feature learning

Sensors (Basel). 2013 Jan 25;13(2):1578-92. doi: 10.3390/s130201578.

Abstract

This paper investigates a rapid and accurate detection system for spoilage in meat. We use unsupervised feature learning techniques (stacked restricted Boltzmann machines and auto-encoders) that consider only the transient response from undoped zinc oxide, manganese-doped zinc oxide, and fluorine-doped zinc oxide in order to classify three categories: the type of thin film that is used, the type of gas, and the approximate ppm-level of the gas. These models mainly offer the advantage that features are learned from data instead of being hand-designed. We compare our results to a feature-based approach using samples with various ppm level of ethanol and trimethylamine (TMA) that are good markers for meat spoilage. The result is that deep networks give a better and faster classification than the feature-based approach, and we thus conclude that the fine-tuning of our deep models are more efficient for this kind of multi-label classification task.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Algorithms*
  • Food Analysis / methods*
  • Meat / analysis*
  • Nanostructures / chemistry*
  • Principal Component Analysis
  • Reproducibility of Results
  • Support Vector Machine
  • Zinc Oxide / chemistry*

Substances

  • Zinc Oxide