The effect of bisoprolol on dendritic cell (DC) migration was investigated, including the analysis of protein expression, cytokine secretion and activation of the PI3K-pathway. The chemotactic cell numbers in cholesterol-loaded DCs treated with epinephrine were significantly decreased by 26.66±6.29% (6h), 35.67±2.91% (12h) and 29.33±1.09% (24h). This effect was significantly reversed by 46.00±10.65% (6h), 64.25±6.77% (12h) and 55.74±5.51% (24h) when bisoprolol and epinephrine were both present. In cholesterol-loaded DCs, treatment with epinephrine significantly increased AR-β1 protein expression by 56.99±4.87%, but inhibited β-arrestin 2 and CCR7 protein expression by 30.51±4.22% and 25.31±0.04%, respectively. These effects were reversed by bisoprolol by 36.87±4.40%, 41.47±3.95% and 30.14±0.54%, respectively. TNF-α and MMP9 levels were decreased by 68.33±4.00% and 39.57±9.21% in cholesterol-loaded DCs treated with epinephrine. In contrast, when bisoprolol and epinephrine were administered together, the secretion of these proteins was significantly increased by 233.81±37.06 % and 76.66±14.21%, respectively. Treatment with epinephrine decreased PI3K-phosphorylation by 31.88±2.79%, 40.24±5.69% and 30.93±4.66% at 15, 30 and 60min, respectively, whereas the effect of epinephrine on the expression of phosphorylated PI3K was reversed by 49.49±12.12%, 70.93±16.14% and 47.62±6.00%, respectively, when cells were treated with both bisoprolol and epinephrine. Wortmannin inhibited the effects of bisoprolol on PI3K-phosphorylation (38.63±6.12%), the expression of CCR7 (23.4±2.72%), the secretion of TNF-α (69.46±4.48%) and MMP9 (43.15±4.63%), and the number of chemotactic cells (36.84±5.22%). This is the first study to establish a signaling pathway, epinephrine-AR-β1-β-arrestin2-PI3K-MMP9/CCR7, which plays a critical role in the migration of DCs.
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