Multi-state proteins: approach allowing experimental determination of the formation order of structure elements in the green fluorescent protein

PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e48604. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048604. Epub 2012 Nov 14.

Abstract

The most complex problem in studying multi-state protein folding is the determination of the sequence of formation of protein intermediate states. A far more complex issue is to determine at what stages of protein folding its various parts (secondary structure elements) develop. The structure and properties of different intermediate states depend in particular on these parts. An experimental approach, named μ-analysis, which allows understanding the order of formation of structural elements upon folding of a multi-state protein was used in this study. In this approach the same elements of the protein secondary structure are "tested" by substitutions of single hydrophobic amino acids and by incorporation of cysteine bridges. Single substitutions of hydrophobic amino acids contribute to yielding information on the late stages of protein folding while incorporation of ss-bridges allows obtaining data on the initial stages of folding. As a result of such an μ-analysis, we have determined the order of formation of beta-hairpins upon folding of the green fluorescent protein.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Green Fluorescent Proteins / chemistry*
  • Green Fluorescent Proteins / genetics
  • Models, Molecular
  • Mutation
  • Protein Conformation
  • Protein Folding
  • Protein Structure, Secondary

Substances

  • Green Fluorescent Proteins

Grants and funding

This work was supported by the MCB program of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a “Scientific Schools” grant and the Special Federal Program “Research and Scientific-Pedagogical Specialists of Innovation Russia” (P304). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or reparation of the manuscript.