The authors present a case report of a patient with febrile pancytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly and weight loss as main symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis. Standard treatment regimen with amphothericin B led to relapse of the disease after several weeks. The definitive cure of the disease was achieved with cytostatic miltefosin (Impavido©), which is not registered in the Czech Republic. The aim of this article is to point out this imported protozoan infection and its basic clinical and laboratory features.