Electrospinning is a powerful technique to produce fibers with a diameter ranging from tens of nanometers to several micrometers. Compared with single-component nanofibers, composite or hybrid nanofibers are promising due to the unique properties possessed by both the host and the guest materials. Doping nanoparticles (NPs) or nanotubes (NTs) have excellent optical, mechanical, electrical or catalytic properties within polymer nanofibers, which makes it possible to produce functional nanofibers with promising applications. In this review, followed by a brief introduction of basic theory of electrospinning techniques, we give a literature survey of the NP- or NT-doped electrospun polymer nanofibers in terms of the producing methods and potential applications in the fields of tissue engineering, wound dressing and drug-delivery systems. Some of the aspects related to the improved protein adsorption capability, mechanical durability and, thus, improved cell attachment and proliferation of the NT-doped polymer nanofibers, as well as the significantly decreased burst-release profile of the NT-doped polymer nanofibers used as drug-delivery systems are discussed.