Rationale: Steroids are potent hormones that are found in many environments. Yet, contributions from synthetic and endogenous sources are largely uncharacterized. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether carbon isotopes could be used to distinguish between synthetic and endogenous steroids in wastewater and other environmental matrices.
Methods: Estrogens and progestogens were isolated from oral contraceptive pills using semi-preparative liquid chromatography/diode array detection (LC/DAD). Compound purity was confirmed by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC/FID), gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOF-MS) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry using negative electrospray ionization (LC/ESI-MS). The (13)C content was determined by gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS) and (14)C was measured by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS).
Results: Synthetic estrogens and progestogens are (13)C-depleted (δ(13)C(estrogen) = -30.0 ± 0.9 ‰; δ(13)C(progestogen) = -30.3 ± 2.6 ‰) compared with endogenous hormones (δ(13)C ~ -16 to -26 ‰). The (14)C content of the majority of synthetic hormones is consistent with synthesis from C(3) plant-based precursors, amended with 'fossil' carbon in the case of EE(2) and norethindrone acetate. Exceptions are progestogens that contain an ethyl group at carbon position 13 and have entirely 'fossil' (14)C signatures.
Conclusions: Carbon isotope measurements have the potential to distinguish between synthetic and endogenous hormones in the environment. Our results suggest that (13)C could be used to discriminate endogenous from synthetic estrogens in animal waste, wastewater effluent, and natural waters. In contrast, (13)C and (14)C together may prove useful for tracking synthetic progestogens.
Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.