Oral administration of the pimelic diphenylamide HDAC inhibitor HDACi 4b is unsuitable for chronic inhibition of HDAC activity in the CNS in vivo

PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e44498. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044498. Epub 2012 Sep 4.

Abstract

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have received considerable attention as potential therapeutics for a variety of cancers and neurological disorders. Recent publications on a class of pimelic diphenylamide HDAC inhibitors have highlighted their promise in the treatment of the neurodegenerative diseases Friedreich's ataxia and Huntington's disease, based on efficacy in cell and mouse models. These studies' authors have proposed that the unique action of these compounds compared to hydroxamic acid-based HDAC inhibitors results from their unusual slow-on/slow-off kinetics of binding, preferentially to HDAC3, resulting in a distinctive pharmacological profile and reduced toxicity. Here, we evaluate the HDAC subtype selectivity, cellular activity, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties, as well as the central pharmacodynamic profile of one such compound, HDACi 4b, previously described to show efficacy in vivo in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease. Based on our data reported here, we conclude that while the in vitro selectivity and binding mode are largely in agreement with previous reports, the physicochemical properties, metabolic and p-glycoprotein (Pgp) substrate liability of HDACi 4b render this compound suboptimal to investigate central Class I HDAC inhibition in vivo in mouse per oral administration. A drug administration regimen using HDACi 4b dissolved in drinking water was used in the previous proof of concept study, casting doubt on the validation of CNS HDAC3 inhibition as a target for the treatment of Huntington's disease. We highlight physicochemical stability and metabolic issues with 4b that are likely intrinsic liabilities of the benzamide chemotype in general.

Publication types

  • Comparative Study
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Administration, Oral
  • Animals
  • Caco-2 Cells
  • Central Nervous System / metabolism*
  • Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
  • Dogs
  • Friedreich Ataxia / drug therapy*
  • Friedreich Ataxia / enzymology
  • Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / administration & dosage
  • Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / chemical synthesis
  • Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / pharmacokinetics
  • Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / pharmacology*
  • Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / therapeutic use
  • Histone Deacetylases / metabolism*
  • Humans
  • Huntington Disease / drug therapy*
  • Huntington Disease / enzymology
  • Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
  • Mice
  • Microsomes, Liver / metabolism
  • Pimelic Acids / administration & dosage
  • Pimelic Acids / chemical synthesis
  • Pimelic Acids / pharmacokinetics
  • Pimelic Acids / pharmacology*
  • Pimelic Acids / therapeutic use
  • Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Substances

  • Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
  • Pimelic Acids
  • pimelic diphenylamide 106
  • Histone Deacetylases

Grants and funding

CHDI Foundation is a not-for-profit biomedical research organization exclusively dedicated to discovering and developing therapeutics that slow the progression of Huntington's disease. This work was funded and conducted through fee-for-service contract research on behalf of CHDI Foundation, with the exception of the pharmacodynamic evaluation of 4b that was conducted by King's College London investigators 4, in collaboration with and funded by CHDI Foundation.