Integrative literature review conducted in the databases LILACS, MEDLINE and SciELO from 2000 to 2010 to synthesize knowledge produced in nursing studies using the critical incident technique and identify the use and applicability of this technique as methodological framework. A total of 17 papers were found and Brazil stood out with 76.5% of the studies. Analysis and characterization according to the three elements of the technique were identified in 76.0% of the papers. The category 'analysis of iatrogenic events' caused by health workers stood out in the use of the critical incident technique. The integrative review enabled to synthesize scientific knowledge on this subject and revealed its large contribution to the improvement of health and nursing care.