Duodenal bulb biopsies for diagnosing adult celiac disease: is there an optimal biopsy site?

Abstract

Background: Recent studies highlight the role of duodenal bulb biopsy in the diagnosis of celiac disease.

Objective: To determine whether a targeted duodenal bulb biopsy in addition to distal duodenal biopsies is the optimal strategy to identify villous atrophy.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: Tertiary-care referral center.

Patients: Seventy-seven patients undergoing clinically indicated EGD with duodenal biopsies were recruited. Of these, 28 had newly diagnosed celiac disease and 49 were controls.

Interventions: At endoscopy, 8 duodenal biopsy specimens were taken: 4 from the second part of the duodenum and 4 quadrantically from the bulb (at the 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-o'clock positions).

Main outcome measurements: Increasing the diagnostic yield and detection of the most severe villous atrophy in celiac disease with the addition of a targeted duodenal bulb biopsy.

Results: The most severe degree of villous atrophy was detected when distal duodenal biopsy specimens were taken in addition to a duodenal bulb biopsy specimen from either the 9- or 12-o'clock position (96.4% sensitivity; 95% CI, 79.7%-100%). The difference between the 12-o'clock position biopsy and the 3-o'clock position biopsy in detecting the most severe villous atrophy was 92% (24/26) versus 65% (17/26) (P = .02).

Limitations: Small sample and study performed in a tertiary referral center.

Conclusions: This study demonstrates the patchy appearance of villous atrophy that occurs within the duodenum. A targeted duodenal bulb biopsy from either the 9- or 12-o'clock position in addition to distal duodenal biopsies may improve diagnostic yields by detecting the most severe villous atrophy within the duodenum.