This review article is based on a state-of-the-art lecture given at the 32nd meeting of the German Child Psychiatry Association in March 2011. It summarizes recent findings from epidemiological studies (comorbid disorders, risk factors), early diagnosis, classification, and evidence-based therapeutic interventions (psychopharmacology, early intervention, group-based behavioural interventions). Intensive research over the last years has led to a better understanding of, and improved therapeutic options for, autism spectrum disorders.