d-Serine diffusion through the blood-brain barrier: effect on d-serine compartmentalization and storage

Abstract

d-Serine is a co-agonist of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. It has been implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia and has shown efficacy as an adjuvant to reduce positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. In addition, d-serine can modulate cognition in animals when administered alone. However, the neurochemical effects of exogenous d-serine on extra- and intra-cellular d-serine brain levels are poorly understood. In this study, we used both high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and enzyme-based microelectrode biosensors to quantify d-serine in the rat brain. We demonstrated levels of 2.3-2.8μM in the extracellular medium, 4μM in plasma and 188pmol/mg in brain tissue samples. An intraperitoneal (i.p.) d-serine injection (1g/kg) produced a slow increase in extracellular d-serine concentration in the cortex despite a surge in d-serine up to 13mM in the plasma, indicating poor diffusion through the blood-brain barrier. Using the respective volume fractions of blood, extracellular and intracellular spaces published in the literature, we estimated that d-serine intracellular stores represented more than 99% of total d-serine. These intracellular stores almost doubled 3h after d-serine administration. Overall, our data indicate that d-serine administration increases brain extra- and intra-cellular concentrations despite weak diffusion through the blood-brain barrier. These results pave the way for a better understanding of the neurochemical mechanisms by which d-serine administration modulates cognition.