Normal genetic variation of the human foot: part 1: the paradox of normal anatomical alignment in an evolutionary epigenetic context

J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2012 Jan-Feb;102(1):64-70. doi: 10.7547/1020064.

Abstract

Molecular genetics is changing our understanding of the developmental translation of genotype to phenotype between and within different phylogenetic groups. Together with a growing understanding of our own evolutionary relationships to common ancestors, the epigenetic processes involved enforce a reexamination of what is regarded as a normal foot structure. A revised populationist approach is proposed and supported by paleoanthropologic evidence that reflects a picture of emerging suitability for bipedalism that is driven by natural genetic divergence.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Biological Evolution*
  • Epigenomics
  • Evolution, Molecular
  • Foot / anatomy & histology*
  • Genetic Variation*
  • Humans
  • Phenotype