Why nature eschews the concerted [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition of a nonconjugated cyanodiyne. Computational study of a pyridine synthesis involving an ene-Diels-Alder-bimolecular hydrogen-transfer mechanism

J Org Chem. 2012 Feb 3;77(3):1533-8. doi: 10.1021/jo202424n. Epub 2012 Jan 25.

Abstract

An intramolecular formal metal-free intramolecular [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition for the formation of pyridines has been investigated with M06-2X and B3LYP density functional methods, and compared to the experimentally established three-step mechanism that involves ene reaction-Diels-Alder reaction-hydrogen transfer. The ene reaction of two alkynes is the rate-determining step. This is considerably easier than other possible mechanisms, such as those involving an ene reaction of an alkyne with a nitrile, a one-step [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition, or a 1,4-diradical mechanism. The relative facilities of these processes are analyzed with the distortion-interaction model. A bimolecular hydrogen-transfer mechanism involving a radical-pair intermediate is proposed rather than a concerted intramolecular 1,5-hydrogen shift for the last step in the mechanism.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • Alkynes / chemistry*
  • Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic / methods*
  • Hydrogen / chemistry*
  • Models, Molecular*
  • Molecular Conformation
  • Nitriles / chemistry*
  • Pyridines / chemical synthesis*
  • Pyridines / chemistry*
  • Thermodynamics

Substances

  • Alkynes
  • Nitriles
  • Pyridines
  • Hydrogen
  • pyridine