Within recent years, the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer has become increasingly heterogeneous and complex. New cytotoxic agents and drugs against molecular targets have been developed. Moreover, new indications for therapy such as maintenance therapy have been explored. In addition, by assessing defined molecular markers, it is possible to identify patients who may likely respond to a given treatment. This approach will continue in the future; thus, it will be possible to characterize patient into subgroups based on molecular, histological, or clinical markers. This review will summarize the current state of the art in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.