Objective: Heart-focused anxiety is a common phenomenon that is related to psychological disorders and cardiac diseases. We investigated heart-focused anxiety in the general population and provided standard values using the Cardiac Anxiety Questionnaire (CAQ). Furthermore, we assessed the reliability of the CAQ and investigated the influence of social variables on heart-focused anxiety.
Methods and results: The questionnaire was applied to 2,396 individuals (age range: 18-92; mean age 49 ± 17, 50% male). Three aspects of heart-focused anxiety (fear, attention, and avoidance) were captured by the CAQ. To test the influence of age, gender, and social factors, we performed analyses of variance, correlative statistics, and regression analyses. Heart-focused anxiety showed a linear increase with age (P < 0.001). No gender differences were observed. The degree of anxiety was affected by relationship (P < 0.001), level of education (P < 0.001), employment (P < 0.001), and income (P < 0.001).
Conclusion: We evaluated heart-focused anxiety in the general population and validated the CAQ. Using percentiles based on a normative sample allows screening for heart-focused anxiety in patients with or without cardiac diseases and the measurement of therapy success after psychotherapeutic or pharmacological intervention.