Abstract
COX-1 plays a previously unrecognized part in the neuroinflammation. Genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of COX-1 activity attenuates the inflammatory response and neuronal loss. In this context, the effects of selective COX-1 inhibitors (P6, P10, SC-560, aspirin) and coxibs (celecoxib and etoricoxib) on LPS-stimulated microglial cell function (a worldwide accepted neuroinflammation model) were investigated, and the effects on COX-1/COX-2, cPGES mRNA and iNOS expression, PGE(2) and NO production and NF-κB activation by IκBα phosphorylation were evaluated. The total suppression of the expression of both COX-1 and COX-2 by their respective selective inhibitors occurred. NF-κB remained almost completely inactive in the presence of coxibs, as expected, and totally inactive in the presence of P6. P6 also markedly counteracted LPS enhancing cPGES mRNA expression and PGE(2) production. Since COX-1 is predominantly localized in microglia, its high selective inhibition rather than COX-2 (by coxibs) is more likely to reduce neuroinflammation and has been further investigated as a potential therapeutic approach and prevention in neurodegenerative diseases with a marked inflammatory component.
Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Publication types
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Comparative Study
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
MeSH terms
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Animals
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Aspirin / pharmacology
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Celecoxib
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Cell Line
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Cell Survival / drug effects
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Cyclooxygenase 1 / metabolism
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Cyclooxygenase 2 / metabolism
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Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / pharmacology
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Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / pharmacology*
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Dinoprostone / metabolism
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Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
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Down-Regulation
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Etoricoxib
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I-kappa B Proteins / metabolism
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Inflammation Mediators / metabolism*
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Intramolecular Oxidoreductases / genetics
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Intramolecular Oxidoreductases / metabolism
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Lipopolysaccharides / pharmacology*
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Membrane Proteins / antagonists & inhibitors*
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Membrane Proteins / metabolism
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Mice
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Microglia / drug effects*
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Microglia / enzymology
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Microglia / immunology
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NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha
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NF-kappa B / metabolism
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Nitric Oxide / metabolism
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Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / metabolism
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Phosphorylation
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Prostaglandin-E Synthases
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Pyrazoles / pharmacology
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Pyridines / pharmacology
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RNA, Messenger / metabolism
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Sulfonamides / pharmacology
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Sulfones / pharmacology
Substances
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Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors
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Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors
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I-kappa B Proteins
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Inflammation Mediators
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Lipopolysaccharides
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Membrane Proteins
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NF-kappa B
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Nfkbia protein, mouse
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Pyrazoles
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Pyridines
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RNA, Messenger
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SC 560
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Sulfonamides
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Sulfones
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NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha
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Nitric Oxide
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Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
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Nos2 protein, mouse
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Ptgs2 protein, mouse
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Cyclooxygenase 1
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Cyclooxygenase 2
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Ptgs1 protein, mouse
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Intramolecular Oxidoreductases
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Prostaglandin-E Synthases
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Celecoxib
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Dinoprostone
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Aspirin
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Etoricoxib