Two examples of confined molecular catalysts are presented. PtCl(4) (2-) complexes are attached to a thiol-terminated monolayer by ligand exchange of Cl(-) with a thiolate group and incorporated in a multilayer of viologen moieties by ion exchange. All Cl(-) ligands are replaced by OH(-) or H(2) O before HER takes place. Ex situ and in situ XAFS measurements confirm that the Pt complexes accelerate HER without being converted into Pt particles.
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