The literature pertaining to the scientific peer-review process, which explains the history as well as the controversial debate over whether peer review truly enhances the quality of published studies, was reviewed. The strengths and weaknesses of peer review are summarized, and an overview of the possible future evolution of the practice is given. The studies that are included reflect a wide array of findings which both support and negate the practice. The implications are crucial for both authors and reviewers in the allied health sciences.