Immunization with a vaccine combining herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) glycoprotein C (gC) and gD subunits improves the protection of dorsal root ganglia in mice and reduces the frequency of recurrent vaginal shedding of HSV-2 DNA in guinea pigs compared to immunization with gD alone

J Virol. 2011 Oct;85(20):10472-86. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00849-11. Epub 2011 Aug 3.

Abstract

Attempts to develop a vaccine to prevent genital herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) disease have been only marginally successful, suggesting that novel strategies are needed. Immunization with HSV-2 glycoprotein C (gC-2) and gD-2 was evaluated in mice and guinea pigs to determine whether adding gC-2 to a gD-2 subunit vaccine would improve protection by producing antibodies that block gC-2 immune evasion from complement. Antibodies produced by gC-2 immunization blocked the interaction between gC-2 and complement C3b, and passive transfer of gC-2 antibody protected complement-intact mice but not C3 knockout mice against HSV-2 challenge, indicating that gC-2 antibody is effective, at least in part, because it prevents HSV-2 evasion from complement. Immunization with gC-2 also produced neutralizing antibodies that were active in the absence of complement; however, the neutralizing titers were higher when complement was present, with the highest titers in animals immunized with both antigens. Animals immunized with the gC-2-plus-gD-2 combination had robust CD4+ T-cell responses to each immunogen. Multiple disease parameters were evaluated in mice and guinea pigs immunized with gC-2 alone, gD-2 alone, or both antigens. In general, gD-2 outperformed gC-2; however, the gC-2-plus-gD-2 combination outperformed gD-2 alone, particularly in protecting dorsal root ganglia in mice and reducing recurrent vaginal shedding of HSV-2 DNA in guinea pigs. Therefore, the gC-2 subunit antigen enhances a gD-2 subunit vaccine by stimulating a CD4+ T-cell response, by producing neutralizing antibodies that are effective in the absence and presence of complement, and by blocking immune evasion domains that inhibit complement activation.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Neutralizing / blood
  • Antibodies, Viral / blood
  • CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / immunology
  • Female
  • Ganglia, Spinal / immunology*
  • Guinea Pigs
  • Herpes Genitalis / immunology
  • Herpes Genitalis / prevention & control*
  • Herpes Zoster / immunology
  • Herpes Zoster / prevention & control*
  • Herpes Zoster Vaccine / administration & dosage
  • Herpes Zoster Vaccine / immunology*
  • Herpesvirus 2, Human / immunology*
  • Immunization / methods
  • Mice
  • Mice, Inbred BALB C
  • Mice, Inbred C57BL
  • Mice, Knockout
  • Secondary Prevention
  • Vagina / virology
  • Viral Envelope Proteins / immunology*
  • Virus Shedding

Substances

  • Antibodies, Neutralizing
  • Antibodies, Viral
  • Herpes Zoster Vaccine
  • Viral Envelope Proteins
  • glycoprotein C, herpes simplex virus type 2
  • glycoprotein D-herpes simplex virus type 2