The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is a classic example of a resurgent pest induced by insecticides. It has been demonstrated that triazophos treatment causes an increase in the content of male accessory gland proteins (Acps) that can be transferred to females via mating, influencing female reproduction. However, the mechanism of this type of insecticide-induced Acps in males and the subsequent stimulation of reproduction in females are not well understood. To identify changes in the types of Acps and reproductive proteins in mated females, we conducted a comparative proteomic analysis. Six samples were categorized into four different groups: (1) untreated unmated males compared to treated unmated males (UUM vs TUM); (2) treated unmated males compared to treated mated males (TUM vs TMM); (3) untreated unmated females compared to treated unmated females (UUF vs TUF); (4) treated unmated females compared to treated mated females (TUF vs TMF). Protein expression changes among the four different groups were examined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Of the 500-600 reproducibly detected protein spots on each gel, 107 protein spots were differentially expressed between the four different groups. Of the 63 proteins identified by LC-MS/MS analysis, 38 were up-regulated and 25 were down-regulated in the four different groups. Some novel proteins related to fecundity were observed including spermatogenesis-associated protein 5, testis development protein NYD-SP6, arginine kinase, actin-5C, vitellogenin, and ovarian serine protease nudel. The elevated expression of novel fecundity proteins in six samples of N. lugens females and males due to exposure to triazophos was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results suggest that these proteins may participate in the reproductive process of N. lugens adult females and males. Our findings fill a gap in understanding the relationship between insecticide-treated males and the stimulated reproduction of N. lugens females.