This review, comprised of our own data and that of others, provides a summary overview of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition on intestinal inflammation as well as inflammation-mediated carcinogenesis. Experimental colitis in mice represents an excellent in vivo model to define the specific cell populations and target tissues modulated by inhibitors of HDAC. Oral administration of either suberyolanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) or ITF2357 results in an amelioration in these models, as indicated by a significantly reduced colitis disease score and histological score. This effect was paralleled by suppression of proinflammatory cytokines at the site of inflammation as well as specific changes in the composition of cells within the lamina propria. In addition, tumor number and size was significantly reduced in two models of inflammation-driven tumorigenesis, namely interleukin (IL)-10-deficient mice and the azoxymethane-dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) model, respectively. The mechanisms affected by HDAC inhibition, contributing to this antiinflammatory and antiproliferative potency will be discussed in detail. Furthermore, with regard to the relevance in human inflammatory bowel disease, the doses of ITF2357 considered safe in humans and the corresponding serum concentrations are consistent with the efficacious dosing used in our in vivo as well as in vitro experiments. Thus, the data strongly suggest that HDAC inhibitors could serve as a therapeutic option in inflammatory bowel disease.