This report discusses the difference between antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) as a predictor for first and recurrent ischemic stroke, whether or not concomitant systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) increases aPL-associated risk, and the association of aPL with other neurological manifestations. The neurological manifestations covered in this report were selected because they are among the most common, including cognitive dysfunction, headache, multiple sclerosis and seizures/epilepsy. Recommendations are made regarding further research that is needed to clarify remaining uncertainties.