The periodontal pathogen Tannerella forsythia possesses a glycosylated S-layer as an outermost cell decoration. While the S-layer provides a selection advantage to the bacterium in the natural habitat, its virulence potential remains to be investigated. In the present study, the immune responses of human macrophages and gingival fibroblasts upon stimulation with wild-type T. forsythia and an S-layer-deficient mutant were investigated. The mRNA expression levels of the pro-inflammatory mediators IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-8 were analyzed by qPCR, and the production of the corresponding cytokines was investigated by ELISA. The S-layer-deficient T. forsythia mutant induced significantly higher levels of pro-inflammatory mediators compared with wild-type T. forsythia, especially at the early phase of response. Analysis of these data suggests that the S-layer of T. forsythia is an important virulence factor that attenuates the host immune response to this pathogen by evading the bacterium's recognition by the innate immune system.
Abbreviations: DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide; FBS, fetal bovine serum; GAPDH, glycerinaldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase; HGFs, human gingival fibroblasts; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MEM, minimal essential medium; MTT, 3,4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide; OD, optical density; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain-reaction; SD, standard deviation; Tannerella forsythia ATCC 43037, Tf wt; Tannerella forsythia ATCC 43037 S-layer mutant, Tf ΔtfsAB.