Although studies of the laboratory mouse model have laid the groundwork for our rich understanding of immunobiology, they have fallen short in deciphering human disease and providing much needed therapeutic modalities. Indeed, bench-to-bedside approaches have not been a particularly effective means of developing translational research.(1) Recently, a symposium was held at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) entitled "Meeting the Human Immunology Challenge," highlighting the opportunities for the new Intramural NIH Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity, and Inflammation (http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/resources/chi/); among other things it has become clear that a broader definition of the human immune spectrum in health and disease is needed. The human immunology meeting was held in the Clinical Center of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, on September 3 and 4, 2009.