Polymer films embedding cadmium thiolate precursors have been irradiated with ultraviolet laser pulses resulting in the formation of cadmium sulfide crystalline nanoparticles through a macroscopically non-destructive procedure for the host matrix. Controlling the number of the incident laser pulses, the gradual increase of the size of the nanoparticles is accomplished, and consequently the progressive change of the emission characteristics of the formed nanocomposites. The X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy measurements were used for the full characterization of the nanoparticles. This study compares two polymer matrices, poly(methyl methacrylate) and a cyclic olefin copolymer, and reveals the importance of each one for the emission characteristics of the formed cadmium sulfide nanocrystals. It is found that the poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix contributes to the increase of the trap states on the surface of the formed nanocrystals, causing the broadening of their emission. On the other hand the cadmium sulfide nanoparticles, grown into the cyclic olefin copolymer matrix, exhibit narrower emission spectra.